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supported employment
Supported Employment refers to service provisions wherein people with disabilities, including intellectual disabilities, mental health, and traumatic brain injury, among others, are assisted with obtaining and maintaining employment originally through the primary models of job crews, enclaves, or the often preferred job coach or person-centered approaches. Supported employment is considered to be one form of employment in which wages are expected, together with benefits from an employer in a competitive workplace, though some versions refer to disability agency paid employment.
==Community Foundations of Supported Employment==
Supported employment was developed in the United States in the 1970s as part of both vocational rehabilitation (VR) services (e.g., NYS Office of Vocational Services, 1978) and the advocacy for long term services and supports (LTSS) for individuals with significant disabilities in competitive job placements in integrated settings (e.g., businesses, offices, manufacturing facilities). Since the mid-1980s, supported employment in the professional literature primarily has referred to the "individual placement" model, either with job coaches or through "natural supports" models.〔O'Brien, J. (1990). "Working On...A Survey of Emerging Issues in Supported Employment for People with Severe Disabilities". Lithonia, GA: Responsive Systems Associates.〕 The critical issue in supported employment (SE) was viewed as the need for funding for long-term services and supports (LTSS) in the community often termed beyond "case closure" (Griffin, Test, Dalton, & Wood, 1995).〔Griffin, S.L., Test, D.W., Dalton, B. & Wood, W. (1995). Long-term supports and services: Toward definition, clarification, and implications for the future. "Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation" (JVR), 5: 177-185.〕〔Nisbet, J., Rogan, P. & Hagner, D. (1989). Squeezing long-term supports out of a short-term program: Independence issues and supported employment. "Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling", 20(3): 21-25.〕 Supported employment is worldwide in 2013, though moving to new inclusive models, and the term has been used for assisting workers of diverse kinds who may need an extra jump start in the workplace; it is still associated with its roots in disability which includes community integration and deinstitutionalization 〔http://patimes.org/community-disability-deinstitutionalization/ 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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